Solidity 102

ABI(Application Binary Interface) is the standard for interacting with Ethereum smart contracts. Data is encoded based on its type, and because the encoded result doesn't contain type information, it is necessary to indicate their types when decoding.

In Solidity, ABI encode has four functions: abi.encode, abi.encodePacked, abi.encodeWithSignature, abi.encodeWithSelector. While ABI decode has one function: abi.decode, which is used to decode the data of abi.encode.

In this chapter, We will learn how to use these functions.

ABI encode

We will encode four variables, their types are uint256 (alias uint), address, string, uint256[2]:

uint x = 10;
    address addr = 0x7A58c0Be72BE218B41C608b7Fe7C5bB630736C71;
    string name = "0xAA";
    uint[2] array = [5, 6];

abi.encode

Use ABI rules to encode the given parameters. ABI is designed to interact with smart contracts by filling each parameter with 32-byte data and splicing them together. If you want to interact with contracts, you should use abi.encode.

function encode() public view returns(bytes memory result) {
        result = abi.encode(x, addr, name, array);
    }

The result of encoding is0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0000000000000000000000007a58c0be72be218b41c608b7fe7c5bb630736c7100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000600000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000043078414100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000. Since abi.encode fills each data with 32 bytes data, there are a lot of 0 in middle

abi.encodePacked

Encode given parameters according to their minimum required space. It is similar to abi.encode, but omits a lot of 0 filled in. For example, only 1 byte is used to encode the uint type. You can use abi.encodePacked when you want to save space and don't interact with contracts. For example when computing hash of some data.

function encodePacked() public view returns(bytes memory result) {
        result = abi.encodePacked(x, addr, name, array);
    }

The result of encoding is0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a7a58c0be72be218b41c608b7fe7c5bb630736c713078414100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000050000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006. Because abi.encodePacked compacts encoding, the length of result is much shorter than abi.encode.

abi.encodeWithSignature

Similar to abi.encode function, the first parameter is function signatures, such as "foo(uint256, address, string, uint256[2])". It can be used when calling other contracts.

function encodeWithSignature() public view returns(bytes memory result) {
        result = abi.encodeWithSignature("foo(uint256,address,string,uint256[2])", x, addr, name, array);
    }

The result of encoding is0xe87082f1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0000000000000000000000007a58c0be72be218b41c608b7fe7c5bb630736c7100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000600000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000043078414100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000. This is equivalent to adding 4 bytes function selector to the front of result of abi.encode¹.

abi.encodeWithSelector

Similar to abi.encodeWithSignature, except that the first argument is a function selector, the first 4 bytes of function signature Keccak hash.

function encodeWithSelector() public view returns(bytes memory result) {
        result = abi.encodeWithSelector(bytes4(keccak256("foo(uint256,address,string,uint256[2])")), x, addr, name, array);
    }

The result of encoding is0xe87082f1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a0000000000000000000000007a58c0be72be218b41c608b7fe7c5bb630736c7100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000005000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000600000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000043078414100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000. The result is the same as abi.encodeWithSignature

ABI decode

abi.decode

abi.decode is used to decode the binary code generated by abi.encode and restore it to its original parameters.

function decode(bytes memory data) public pure returns(uint dx, address daddr, string memory dname, uint[2] memory darray) {
        (dx, daddr, dname, darray) = abi.decode(data, (uint, address, string, uint[2]));
    }

We input binary encoding of abi.encode into decode, which will decode the original parameters:

在remix上验证

• deploy the contract to check the encoding result of abi.encode

  

• compare and verify the similarities and differences of the four encoding functions

  

• check the decoding result of abi.decode

  

ABI的使用场景

1. In contract development, ABI is often paired with a call to implement a low-level call to contract.

bytes4 selector = contract.getValue.selector;

    bytes memory data = abi.encodeWithSelector(selector, _x);
    (bool success, bytes memory returnedData) = address(contract).staticcall(data);
    require(success);

    return abi.decode(returnedData, (uint256));

2. ABI is often used in ethers.js to implement contract import and function calls.

const wavePortalContract = new ethers.Contract(contractAddress, contractABI, signer);
    /*
        * Call the getAllWaves method from your Smart Contract
        */
    const waves = await wavePortalContract.getAllWaves();

3. After decompiling a non-open source contract, some functions cannot find function signatures but can be called through ABI.

• 0x533ba33a() is a function which shows after decompiling, we can only get function-encoded results, and can't find the function signature.
  
  
• in this case we can't call through constructing an interface or contract
  

In this case, we can call through the ABI function selector.

bytes memory data = abi.encodeWithSelector(bytes4(0x533ba33a));

    (bool success, bytes memory returnedData) = address(contract).staticcall(data);
    require(success);

    return abi.decode(returnedData, (uint256));

Summary

In Ethereum, data must be encoded into bytecode to interact with smart contracts. In this chapter, we introduced four abi encoding functions and one abi decoding function.